ࡱ> !# 9 ,dbjbjE+\l&FFF8~44&[^P"rrrI: ZZZZZZZ$@\ `^@ZEIZ-rr=D[---rrZ-Z--2!Y0Zr q(& F=)nQZ$Z,Z[0[uZ$^+^Z-&&VARIAES DA PRECIPITAO EM FORTALEZA NA ESCALA DECADAL Mary Toshie Kayano(1) Rita Valria Andreoli(2) ABSTRACT: Decadal (11-14 yr) relations of the northern Northeast Brazil (NEB) rainfall to the sea surface temperature (SST) in the 60N-30S oceanic sector and to the global sea level pressure (SLP) are investigated for the 1871-1991 period. Indices have been defined for precipitation, and for the variations of the SST anomalies in the Tropical North Atlantic, in the Tropical South Atlantic and in the eastern equatorial Pacific and for variations of the SLP anomalies in the North Atlantic. Continuous wavelet transform (Morlet wavelet) is used as a band-pass filter in order to isolate the 11-14 year band oscillations in the indices and in the anomaly time series of the SST and SLP in each grid point. The relations between the precipitation index and the SST and SLP anomalies are obtained from the linear and partial correlation analyses. RESUMO: Relaes entre precipitao no norte do nordeste do Brasil (NEB) e as anomalias de temperatura da superfcie do mar (TSM) no setor entre 60N e 30S e de presso ao nvel do mar (PNM) no globo so exploradas para a escala decadal e para o perodo de 1871 a 1991. ndices so definidos para a precipitao, para as variaes de anomalias de TSM no Atlntico Tropical Norte, no Atlntico Tropical Sul e no Pacfico Equatorial Leste e, para variaes das anomalias de PNM no Atlntico Norte. Transformada contnua de wavelet (wavelet de Morlet) usada como um filtro passa-banda para isolar as oscilaes nos ndices e nas sries de anomalias de TSM e PNM em cada ponto de grade na banda de 11 a 14 anos. As relaes entre o ndice de precipitao e as anomalias de TSM e de PNM so obtidas usando anlises de correlaes lineares e parciais. PALAVRAS CHAVES: Precipitao, variabilidade decadal, temperatura da superfcie do mar, presso ao nvel do mar. ________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUO O El Nio-Oscilao Sul (ENOS) um dos principais fenmenos remotos responsveis por extremos climticos no nordeste do Brasil (NEB). Esta conexo se processa atravs da circulao atmosfrica, de modo que uma circulao de Walker anomalamente deslocada para leste com seu ramo ascendente sobre o Pacfico Equatorial Leste e descendente sobre o Atlntico Tropical, explica as secas no NEB relacionadas a eventos de El Nio (Hastenrath, 1976; Kousky et al., 1984; Kayano et al., 1988; Ropelewski e Halpert, 1987 e 1989; Rao e Hada, 1990). As configuraes anmalas da circulao atmosfrica, temperatura da superfcie do mar (TSM) e precipitao (em particular sobre o NEB) so aproximadamente invertidas durante os eventos de La Nia (Kousky e Ropelewski, 1989). O ENOS faz parte do complexo processo de grande escala de interao oceano/atmosfera, com sua componente ocenica em uma fase caracterizada por temperatura da superfcie do mar (TSM) no Pacfico Equatorial Central e Leste acima da normal (El Nio) e na outra (La Nia), abaixo da normal. No entanto, a variabilidade de TSM no Pacfico contm um outro modo similar ao ENOS, mas que varia na escala decadal (referido como Oscilao Decadal do Pacfico - ODP) (Zhang et al., 1997; Mantua et al., 1997; Zhang et al., 1998). As configuraes globais de TSM, de presso ao nvel do mar (PNM) e de ventos associadas a este modo e ao ENOS so similares, porm a configurao de TSM para a ODP menos confinada na rea equatorial do Pacfico Leste e apresenta estruturas marcantes no Pacfico Norte (Zhang et al., 1997). As configuraes de algumas variveis associadas ODP se assemelham s de teleconexes conhecidas. Este o caso das anomalias de altura geopotencial () em 500-hPa, cuja configurao associada ODP no inverno do hemisfrio norte (HN) se assemelha configurao do Pacfico/Amrica do Norte (PNA) (Zhang et al., 1997), e das anomalias de PNM com configurao semelhante da Oscilao do Atlntico Norte (NAO) (Mo and Hkkinen, 2001). As circulaes atmosfricas anmalas associadas ao PNA e ao NAO tm sido relacionadas s variaes de precipitao no NEB (Rao and Brito, 1985; Namias, 1972). Rao and Brito (1985) sugeriram que a configurao de PNA conecta as variaes de precipitao no NEB e o ENOS durante o inverno do HN. Namias (1972) sugeriu que as atividades ciclnica em Terra Nova e anticiclnica nos Aores intensificadas (enfraquecidas) se relacionam a secas (inundaes) atravs de alteraes na alta subtropical do Atlntico Norte e dos alsios de nordeste. A configurao de circulao anmala obtida por Namias (1972) se assemelha configurao do NAO. Por outro lado, interaes oceano-atmosfera no Atlntico Tropical podem tambm causar variaes interanuais de chuvas no nordeste do Brasil (NEB) (Hastenrath e Heller, 1977; Moura e Shukla, 1981; Nobre e Shukla, 1996). Moura e Shukla (1981) sugeriram que um modo com anomalias de TSM anti-simtricas em relao ao equador (modo de dipolo), atravs de uma circulao meridional termicamente direta e conseqente alterao na posio e intensidade da Zona de Convergncia Intertropical ITCZ, explicaria a variabilidade interanual de chuvas no NEB. Estudos mais recentes, questionando a existncia de uma conexo dinmica dos centros do dipolo, argumentam que tal modo se traduz num gradiente meridional de anomalias TSM (Houghton e Tourre, 1992; Enfield e Mayer, 1997; Dommenget e Latif, 2000). Este modo varia da escala de tempo sazonal a decadal (Servain, 1991; Andreoli e Kayano, 2003) e ser chamado de modo gradiente de TSM. A relao entre o ENOS e os modos de variabilidade de TSM no Atlntico Tropical tem sido apontada em alguns trabalhos. De fato, alguns autores mostraram que o modo gradiente de TSM no Atlntico Tropical pode ser forado remotamente pelo ENOS (Saravanan and Chang, 2000; Sutton et al., 2000). Na ausncia do ENOS, a precipitao no NEB se correlaciona mais fortemente com as anomalias de TSM no Atlntico Tropical Sul (ATS) do no Atlntico Tropical Norte (ATN) (Saravanan and Chang, 2000). Alm disso, foram encontradas conexes entre as anomalias de TSM no Atlntico Tropical e as circulaes associadas ao NAO na escala decadal (Rajagopalan et al., 1998; Hkkinen and Mo, 2002). No presente trabalho so exploradas as relaes entre as variaes de precipitao no NEB e as anomalias de TSM no setor ocenico entre 60N e 30S e as anomalias de PNM no domnio global, enquanto se exclui a influncia de ndices representativos do ENOS, do NAO, e dos modos de variabilidade de TSM no Atlntico Tropical. Estas anlises so feitas para a escala decadal. DADOS E METODOLOGIA Os dados usados consistem de sries mensais de anomalias de TSM e PNM em pontos de grade no globo com resoluo de 5( x 5( em latitude x longitude para o perodo de 1871 a 1991. As anomalias de TSM foram interpoladas para pontos de grade para o perodo de 1856 a 1991 por Kaplan et al. (1998). As sries de PNM foram obtidas do British Atmospheric Data Centre no endereo  HYPERLINK "http://www.badc.rl.ac.uk/" http://www.badc.rl.ac.uk/. Roberto L. Guedes do Centro Tcnico Aeroespacial forneceu a srie de precipitao mensal de Fortaleza, cuja parte de 1871 to 1970 foi extrada de Strang (1972). Anomalias mensais em relao s climatologias de 1871 a 1991 so obtidas para PNM em cada ponto de grade e para precipitao. ndices de TSM so definidos para as reas limitadas em: 2.5(N, 22.5(N, 67.5(W e 27.5(W (ndice T-ATN); 2.5(N, 17.5(S, 32.5(W e 12.5(E (ndice T-ATS); e em 5(N, 5(S, 150(W e 90(W (ndice T-NINO). As variaes de PNM no Atlntico Norte nas reas limitadas em 80(N, 60(N, 50(W e na longitude de Greenwich (rea norte) e em 50(N, 30(N, 70(W e 20(W (rea sul) definem um ndice similar ao ndice do NAO. Este ndice a diferena entre as anomalias mdias de PNM nas reas norte e sul (ndice P-NAO). A srie de anomalia de precipitao usada como um ndice (ndice PRP) para representar as variaes de precipitao no norte do NEB. Tendncias de longo prazo so removidas de todos os ndices e das sries de anomalias de TSM e PNM em cada ponto de grade, e as sries resultantes so normalizadas pelos desvios padres correspondentes. Anlises de wavelet so usadas para determinar a variabilidade multi-escala da srie de anomalias de precipitao do perodo de 1856 a 1991, bem como um filtro passa-banda para isolar as oscilaes nos ndices e nas sries de anomalias de TSM e PNM em cada ponto de grade na banda de 11 a 14 anos (decadal) (Torrence and Compo, 1998). Estas anlises usam a wavelet de Morlet, que uma exponencial complexa modulada por uma Gaussiana,  EMBED Equation.3 , com  EMBED Equation.3 , onde t tempo, s escala da wavelet e (0 uma freqncia adimensional. O procedimento computacional para anlises de wavelet descrito por Torrence and Compo (1998) usado aqui. As sries filtradas so obtidas pela equao 29 de Torrence and Compo (1998). A correlao parcial um mtodo tambm usado, e fornece a relao entre duas variveis, X1 e X3, enquanto se exclui a influncia de uma terceira varivel independente, X2, e calculada pela frmula (Panofsky and Brier, 1968):  EMBED Equation.3  onde, r13 , r12 e r23 so as correlaes lineares entre X1 e X3, entre X1 e X2 e entre X2 e X3. As relaes entre o ndice de PRP e as sries de anomalias de TSM e PNM so obtidas por anlises de correlaes lineares. As correlaes parciais entre o ndice de PRP e anomalias de TSM e PNM enquanto se excluem as influncias dos ndices de TSM e do ndice P-NAO so tambm calculadas. O termo correlao X1 x X2 refere-se correlao linear entre X1 e X2, e correlao parcial X1 x X3 menos X2, correlao parcial entre X1 e X3 enquanto se exclui os efeitos de X2,. Todos os clculos de correlaes so efetuados para os ndices e sries de anomalias filtradas para a escala decadal. O nmero de graus de liberdade estimado pelo tempo de decorrelao de 17,3 anos, determinado a partir do e-folding time da escala mdia de 11 a 14 anos da wavelet (Torrence and Webster, 1999). Assim o nmero de graus de liberdade 7 o que implica que, de acordo com o teste-t de Student, correlaes absolutas maiores ou iguais a 0.66 so significativas ao nvel de confiana de 95%. RESULTADOS  Fig. 1. a) ndice de precipitao (PRP) normalizado pelo desvio padro, b) espectro de potncia (energia) local da wavelet (EPW) normalizado por 1/2 (com 2=8857 mm2) e c) espectro de potncia global (EPG). Em (b), as reas sombreadas so de varincias normalizadas variando de 5 a 60 com o intervalo do contorno de 5, os contornos fechados so significativas ao nvel de confiana de 95% e curva em forma de U representa o COI, sob o qual o efeito de borda importante, e portanto no deve ser analisado. Em (c), a curva pontilhada (tracejada) indica que o EPG significativo no nvel de confiana de 90% (95%). A Fig. 1 mostra o ndice de precipitao para a qual se aplicou a transformada contnua de wavelet, o diagrama tempo-freqncia do espectro de potncia da wavelet (EPW) e o espectro de potncia global (EPG). Os principais picos no EPG ocorrem em 25,5 e 12,7 anos e picos secundrios (no significativos) para as escalas menores (Fig. 1c). Esses picos coincidem com os picos espectrais da precipitao em Fortaleza obtidos anteriormente atravs de anlises espectrais (Markham, 1974; Chu, 1984; Hastenrath e Kaczmarczyk, 1981). Os picos no EWP resultam de EPW significativos de 1870-1970 para a escala em torno de 25,5 anos, de 1870-1990 para a escala de 11 a 14 anos, nos perodos de 1870-1875, 1897-1902, 1935-1940 para a escala interanual (2 a 7 anos) e, em curtos intervalos de tempo para a escala interanual curta (Fig. 1b). Assim a variabilidade de precipitao em Fortaleza definida para multi-escalas temporais localizadas em certos intervalos de tempo. Tendo em vista que um dos principais picos no EPG ocorre na escala de 11 a 14 anos as anlises de correlaes sero feitas somente para esta escala.  Fig. 2. Correlao linear entre o ndice PRP e sries de anomalias de TSM em cada ponto de grade para a escala decadal. O intervalo de contorno de 0,3. As hachuras escuras (claras) indicam valores maiores (menores) que 0,66 (-0,66), que so significativas ao nvel de confiana de 95%. Linha de zero no est includa.  Fig. 3. Correlao linear entre o ndice PRP e sries de anomalias de PNM em cada ponto de grade para a escala decadal. A representao grfica a mesma da Figura 2. Correlaes TSM x PRP significativas estendem-se sobre grande parte da rea de estudo, com os valores negativos no Pacfico Central e Leste, ao longo da costa da Amrica do Norte, na maior parte do ATN e a sudeste de Terra Nova, e os positivos na rea entre 50(N, 20(N, 180(W e 130(W, nas proximidades de Nova Guin, no oeste do ATN ao norte de 20(N, no Atlntico Equatorial e no oeste do ATS (Fig. 2). A configurao de correlaes do Pacfico se assemelha ao modo ODP, e a do Atlntico Tropical, ao modo gradiente de TSM. Correlaes PNM x PRP so significativas e negativas no Atlntico Equatorial, no leste do ATS, no leste da frica, na ndia, no Oceano ndico ao norte de 30S, no extremo oeste do Pacfico Tropical Norte e sobre o sudeste de Terra Nova e adjacncias, significativas e positivas sobre o oeste do Atlntico Norte entre 45N e 25N e no Pacfico Tropical Central Norte (Fig. 3). As correlaes PNM x PRP negativas no ATS indicam que uma alta subtropical do ATS enfraquecida (fortalecida) se relaciona a anos mais chuvosos (secos) que o normal no norte do NEB. Por outro lado, a configurao de correlaes no Atlntico Norte reflete a relao entre atividades ciclnica em Terra Nova e anticiclnica na regio do Aores intensificadas (enfraquecidas) e anos chuvosos (secos) no norte do NEB. Portanto, a relao sugerida por Namias (1972) entre variaes em PNM no Atlntico Norte e chuvas no NEB parte da variabilidade decadal. As configuraes das correlaes parciais TSM x PRP menos T-NINO e TSM x PRP menos T-ATN so similares, com valores significativos no Atlntico Equatorial, na maior parte do ATS e no Oceano ndico Central e em pequenos ncleos no Pacfico Central e Oeste (Figs. 4a e 4b). As correlaes parciais TSM x PRP menos P-NAO so significativas e negativas na maior parte do ATS e no significativas no restante da rea de estudo (Fig. 4c). Assim, as variaes de TSM no Pacfico leste e no ATN e de PNM na regio do NAO tm pouca influncia nas relaes positivas entre chuvas no NEB e anomalias de TSM no ATS. As correlaes parciais TSM x PRP menos T-ATS caracterizam-se por valores significativos e negativos sobre o Pacfico Central Leste, a costa oeste da Amrica Central e Norte e ATN ao sul de 20N, e valores significativos em pequenas reas no Pacfico Norte, nas proximidades de Nova Guin e na regio do NO (Fig. 4d). Portanto as variaes de TSM no ATS tm pouca influncia nas correlaes negativas entre chuvas no NEB e anomalias de TSM no Pacfico Central Leste, na costa da Amrica do Norte e Central e no ATN. As estruturas espaciais dos mapas de correlaes parciais PNM x PRP menos T-NINO e PNM x PRP menos T-ATN so similares com os valores significativos e negativos no leste do ATS e no Oceano ndico Central, e os significativos e positivos, em pequenas reas do Pacfico Tropical Norte Central (Figs. 5a and 5b). As correlaes parciais PNM x PRP menos T-NINO so significativas na regio do NAO, com os valores negativos no sudeste de Terra Nova e os positivos em uma pequena rea centrada em (30N, 45W). As correlaes parciais PNM x PRP menos P-NAO (Fig. 5c), em geral, tem pequenas magnitudes. Portanto, as variaes de TSM no Pacfico Equatorial Leste e ATN tm poucas influncias nas relaes negativas entre as chuvas no NEB e anomalias de PNM no ATS e Oceano ndico. As correlaes parciais PNM x PRP menos T-ATS so significativas na regio do NAO e em pequenas reas do Oceano ndico (Fig. 5d). Portanto, as variaes de TSM no ATS no afetam a variabilidade decadal de PNM na regio do NAO e em algumas reas do Oceano ndico associada com chuvas no NEB.  Fig. 4. Correlaes parciais entre PRP e anomalias de TSM em cada ponto de grade excluindo-se as influncias de (a) ndice T-NINO ; (b) ndice T-ATN; (c) ndice P-NAO; e (d) ndice T-ATS. A representao grfica a mesma da Figura 2.  Fig. 5. Correlaes parciais entre PRP e as sries de anomalias de PNM em cada ponto de grade excluindo-se as influncias de (a) ndice T-NINO ; (b) ndice T-ATN; (c) ndice P-NAO; e (d) ndice T-ATS. A representao grfica a mesma da Figura 2. CONCLUSES Relaes da precipitao no norte do nordeste do Brasil (NEB) e as anomalias de temperatura da superfcie do mar (TSM) no setor entre 60N e 30S e de presso ao nvel do mar (PNM) no globo so exploradas para a escala decadal e para o perodo de 1871 a 1991. ndices so definidos para a precipitao (ndice PRP), para as variaes de anomalias de TSM no Atlntico Tropical Norte (ATN), no Atlntico Tropical Sul (ATS) e no Pacfico Equatorial Leste (ndices T-ATN, T-ATS and T-NINO) e, para variaes das anomalias de PNM no Atlntico Norte (ndice P-NAO). Anlises das correlaes lineares entre o ndice de PRP e as anomalias de TSM e de PNM mostram que, a variabilidade de precipitao no NEB para a escala decadal, no caso das anomalias de TSM, relaciona-se ao modo associado Oscilao Decadal do Pacfico (ODP) e ao modo gradiente no Atlntico Tropical, e no caso das anomalias de PNM relaciona-se ao modo NAO. Anlises das correlaes parciais mostram que as variaes de TSM no Pacfico Equatorial Leste e no ATN e de PNM na regio do NAO (variaes de TSM no ATS) tm poucas influncias nas relaes decadais positivas (negativas) entre ndice de PRP e anomalias de TSM no ATS (no Pacfico Central Leste e no ATN). Tambm, as variaes de TSM no Pacfico Equatorial Leste e no ATN tm poucas influncias nas relaes decadais negativas entre ndice de PRP e as anomalias de PNM no ATS e no Oceano. Por outro lado, a variabilidade decadal de PNM na regio do NAO associada a variaes de chuva no NEB no afetada pelas variaes de TSM no ATS. AGRADECIMENTOS As autoras receberam suporte financeiro do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico and Tecnolgico of Brazil; agradecem a C. Torrence e G. 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